Coffee habit may hurt Vietnam
On any list of future Asian tiger economies, Vietnam has a place at the
top. Its nearly 7 percent growth rate is close to China's, it boasts an
emerging middle class and is even winning some foreign investment.
Vietnam also is embracing globalization on its own terms. It wants the
benefits that come from the free movement of capital, goods and people,
but not a McDonald's or 7-Eleven on every corner. This go-slow approach
may help Vietnam's 80 million people avoid the boom-and-bust cycles
that have slammed so many others in Asia.
Along with the many reasons to be bullish on Vietnam, there's at least
one to be concerned about: coffee.
In 2001, Vietnam surpassed Columbia to become the world's No. 2
coffee producer after Brazil. Vietnam's coffee production increased sixfold
in less than a decade, contributing to global oversupply that drove prices
to three-decade lows.
The glut hurt Vietnam's economy, too, making it a victim of its own
success.
Now doesn't that sound a lot like the Asian financial crisis?
Vietnam's economy was too closed in 1997, which shielded it from the
worst of Asia's meltdown. The crisis was caused by overcapacity;
manufacturers produced more goods and created more office space
than the world could use.
A similar dynamic is now slamming Vietnam's coffee producers.
It is a cautionary tale for economic policymakers in Hanoi. They'll have to
make sure the nation's coffee bubble is not repeated elsewhere in one of
Asia's most vibrant economies. If it is, investors will lack confidence in
Vietnam's budding stock and bond markets.
Vietnam may be an emerging Asian tiger, but its continued focus on
agricultural pursuits makes it an odd one, TheGlobalist.com, a
Washington-based think tank, said in a recent report.
Most tiger countries in the region - including neighboring Thailand,
Malaysia and the Philippines - have sought to use cheap labor to develop
manufacturing or assembly operations. Traditionally, they strive to move
up the technology curve to make higher value-added products.
"Not so for the Vietnamese," the report said. "Vietnam's Communist
government still seems to prize agricultural production above all else. In
recent years, it applied the organizational skills and dogged persistence
that characterized economic planning to developing one particular crop -
coffee."
An overstatement, perhaps. The good news is that the government is
working to move up the economic food chain, going after higher
value-added production markets. The government has signed a trade
agreement with the United States, reduced obstacles for entrepreneurs,
created an active stock market and taken steps to boost investment.
Now, it is laying plans to go after the kinds of outsourcing industries that
have served India's economy so well. Vietnam has rapidly increased
access to information-technology education. Ho Chi Minh City, for
example, is experiencing a bull market in computer-related schools; they
are popping up everywhere.
Prime Minister Phan Van Khai also wants multinational companies to
view Vietnam as an alternative to China. If China's SARS epidemic taught
chief executives anything, it's the danger of putting all your proverbial
eggs in one basket.
China has become known as the world's production house; what if a
virus like severe acute respiratory syndrome meant factories could not
operate? Companies that diversify operations, in say, Vietnam, could
shelter themselves from that risk. Vietnam could benefit here; it too,
offers cheap labor and land costs and an increasingly skilled population.
Hanoi also is working to diversify agriculture. As of mid- May, it had cut
down about 7 percent of the coffee trees in its main growing province,
Dak Lak, to help end the global glut.
.
"It's our advice to people to convert coffee areas to other crops if other
crops also bring the same or higher value," says Nguyen Van Lang,
chairman of the Dak Lak Province People's Committee.
Vietnam plans to offer tax incentives and guarantees to purchase
agricultural products to get farmers to shift production. It also wants
coffee growers to shift production from lower-quality robusta beans to
higher quality arabica beans. Currently, 98 percent of production is of the
lower-quality variety.
There's international pressure for such a shift, too. The International
Coffee Organization wants Vietnam to raise the quality of its export
beans.
More broadly, the club will urge leaders of the Group of Eight countries,
who meet this weekend in France, to support proposals aimed at easing
a glut that threatens the livelihood of 25 million households.
Production has been rising at 3.6 percent a year, while demand is
growing at less than half that rate, according to the ICO.
That Vietnam helped overload the global coffee market with cheap,
easy-to-produce beans has two parallels with the Asian crisis. First, prior
to 1997, Asian tigers also made money flooding the globe with cheap,
modest-quality goods. Secondly, western companies are profiting from
Vietnam's overproduction. It has hurt Vietnam's economy and those of
other coffee producers like Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Peru and some
African nations. But huge coffee operations are profiting from lower input
prices. You don't see Starbucks and Tully's charging customers less,
even though coffee prices fell to 30-year lows.
What's worrying, though, is the risk that Vietnam's coffee problems turn
out to be a microcosm of the broader economy. Minister of Planning and
Investment Vo Hong Phuc recently pointed to the coffee industry as an
example of how "poor-quality planning has caused damage" to local
economies.
The important point here is that Vietnam appears to be learning from its
coffee woes.
If that's indeed the case, investors may have a new tiger to bet on in the
years ahead.
By William Pesek Jr. - Bloomberg News - June 2, 2003
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